Evolution of Management - 1893 Words

Evolution of Management By Jason Kolff American Public University January 27, 2008 In this paper I will be explaining the evolution of management from the beginning of the industrial revolution to present which includes Classical School of Management, the Human Relations/ Behavioral School of Management, Theory X and Y, the Scientific Approach, Contingency Approach, and Theory Z. I will also be comparing the classical style and the present style to each†¦show more content†¦He argued that management was a universal process that consisting of functions, which he termed planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. Fayol believed that all managers performed these functions and that the functions distinguished management as a separate discipline of study apart from accounting, finance, and production. [2] Fayol also presented fourteen principles of management, which included; the division of work, authority and responsibility, unity of command and direction, centralization, subordinate initiative, team spirit/espirit de corps, initiative , stability of personnel, order, equity, discipline, unity of direction, remuneration/ fair compensation, scalar chain/chain of command. Behavioral or Human Relations management emerged in the 1920s and dealt with the human aspects of organizations. It has been referred to as the neoclassical school because it was initially a reaction to the shortcomings of the classical approaches to management. The human relations movement began with the Hawthorne Studies which were conducted from 1924 to 1933 at the Hawthorne Plant of the Western Electric Company in Cicero, Illinois. One of the major conclusions of the Hawthorne studies was that workers attitudes are associated with productivity. Another was that the workplace is a social system and informal group influence, could have a powerful effect on individual behavior. A third was that the style of supervision is anShow MoreRelatedEvolution of Management1083 Words   |  5 PagesEvolution of Management The evolution of management can be divided into three distinct era’s. The Pre-Classical Era, Classical era and Neo-classical era. Pre-Classical Era From the Biblical times we find monarchies of the time use some form of management to lord over the great kingdoms such as the Egyptians who used hierarchy management to build the pyramids, Moses leading the Israelites through the desert to the promised land and King David when he was in charge of the kingdom of Israel. InRead MoreThe Evolution Of Sport Management1486 Words   |  6 PagesThe evolution of sport management Comparatively, the field of sport management is a rather new academic discipline (Chalip, 2006), which has faced some challenges in terms of justifying its importance in the academic world. Nonetheless, Chalip (2006) believes it was an unavoidable course for the evolution of sport management. Mullin (1980) defined the sport manager as follows: ‘A person whose job entails planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling to be performed within the contextRead MoreEssay on Evolution of Management649 Words   |  3 Pagespast hundred years management has continuously been evolving. There have been a wide range of approaches in how to deal with management or better yet how to improve management functions in our ever changing environment. From as early as 1100 B.C managers have been struggling with the same issues and problems that managers face today. Modern managers use many of the practices, principles, and techniques developed from earlier concepts and experiences. The evolution of management though the decadesRead MoreThe Evolution Of Management Practice929 Words   |  4 PagesThe Evolution of Management The Origins of Management Practice and How They Play a Role Today The origins of classical management practices plays a role in today’s management beliefs due to the fact that they overlap each other. As a classical management skill was invented and exercised, the faults in a particular management skill were studied. As business evolved so did the managerial skills needed to perform the tasks needed. A new management field would be invented, using the best of the olderRead MoreThe Evolution Of Management Theory1153 Words   |  5 Pages Detailed Summary Management theory constantly evolves when there are new ideas or when there is and intention of attempts of transforming the theory. Hence this theory can also be called as the â€Å"condensed theory† To know the history of the management theory is the fundamental task (Sarshar, 2002). The evolution of management began after the industrial revolution had occurred in Europe and America, which was in the end of the 19th century. During the evolution of the management theory, there wereRead MoreThe Evolution Of Management Studies1116 Words   |  5 Pages The evolution in management studies has grown significantly due to the appearance of the information technologies. In contrast, the classic management practices became less effective in many organisations. Historically, the industrial revolution generated most of the managerial principles. For instance, the financial department concern about the return on investment, while the marketing department focuses in the marginal profit and market shares. The strategic division pursue a competitive positioningRead MoreThe Evolution Of Quality Management1564 Words   |  7 PagesI always enjoy reading about the history of something because it tends to show you the evolution of it. In this case, the evolution of ‘Qualit y’ is there. In the definition of quality in Chapter 2, Feigenbaum and Crosby both state what they think is the contributing part of quality. Feigenbaum believes that meeting the customers’ expectations is the key, while Crosby feels that if you put an impeccable product out, then that’s quality. However, Goetsch and Davis define a hybrid version of FeigenbaumRead MoreThe Evolution of Management Thought2221 Words   |  9 PagesThe Evolution of Management Thought Khalil Said University of Phoenix The Evolution of Management Thought The evolution of management thoughts and theories in modern management thinking began in the nineteenth century and continued during the twentieth. The need to define management and the role of managers led to the foundation of management theories through experience of the pioneer thinkers. Classical management theory focused on dividing the labors and tasks execution. Classical eraRead MoreThe Evolution Of Management Theory1026 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The evolution of management has been changed many times since the early 1900’s. Many different management theories have been developed, the external factor also changing at the same time, such as the technology and the nature of career. The main theories include classical theory, neoclassical theory, modern systems theory, contingency (or decision) theory, and chaos theory. In the earliest management theories, efficiency was thought to be the most important. However, in today’s workplace;Read MoreThe Evolution Of Personnel Management Essay1013 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: HRM is a modern term for which traditionally been referred to as personnel management. Four key developments in the evolution of personnel management: 1. Industrial revolution era: prior to this revolution individuals use to manufacture from their home and Child labour was common. This revolution began with the invention of new manufacturing machinery which altered the nature of the society. There was ready availability of labours. Workers get higher wages than earned before. Working

The Importance Of Critical Race Theory - 1358 Words

Since the early twentieth century, educational theorists and researchers debated about topics concerning the validity, purposes, and best approach to public education and multicultural academics in the United States. Since the adoption of Ralph Tyler’s teacher-centered, essentialist approach to curriculum, John Dewey’s call for progressive reform and student-centered learning, and Paolo Freire’s call for an education that advocates social change and the destruction of social oppression, education pundits found themselves stuck between different goals, outcomes, and possibilities for teaching in a multicultural way. A review of recent literature proves that one of the goals, Critical Race Theory (CRT), oftentimes stands at the†¦show more content†¦43-46). In order to achieve this, students must develop social justice skills that call for them to be active citizens of their society (Wolk, 2003, p. 102; National Council of the Social Studies, 2008, p. 211; Kumashiro, 2001, p. 8; Wineburg, et. al., 2004, 45). Many researchers and theorists stress the need to approach social studies from a CRT perspective. The idea that the current social studies curriculum supports a privileged class while ignoring all other classes is one that is oftentimes associated with the present curriculum taught today (Kumashiro, 2001, p. 4). Additionally, researchers theorized that students bring stereotypes, myths, and a partial knowledge of various histories and cultures to the classroom. They concluded that in order to better develop informed citizens, curriculum should be based on reality and include students of all races (Wolk, 2003, p. 103; Kumashiro, 2001, p. 4; National Council of the Social Studies, 2008, p. 212; Wineburg, et. al., 2004, p. 45). In order to develop a curriculum that exemplifies the ideals of CRT, researchers sought to record and analyze the best practices of teachers across the United States. In particular, researchers focused on desc ribing how teachers use citizenship, social justice, controversial issues, and research skills to incorporateShow MoreRelatedCritical Race Theory Of Race And Racism1458 Words   |  6 PagesCritical theories of race and racism have been used by sociologists to not only describe modern societies, but also address issues of social injustice and achieve an end to racial oppression. Critical race theory is one of the most widely used for this purpose. Its utility rests upon the assumption that race is a social construct and not an inherent biological feature. In place of the concept of inherent race, critical race theory proffers the concept of racialization. The tenet that the conceptRead MoreRace, Race And Racism Essay1396 Words   |  6 PagesProject Description: This project is comprised of rhetorical commentary overview, that is used to examine and develop a better understanding of the terms, race and racism in society (critical race theory) (Stefancic and Delgado 1995, 177). By using the critical race theory and examining incidents of police misconduct, this will determine whether or not race plays a crucial factor. Additionally, this project encompasses a vast knowledge of the criminal justice system and the police departments of the UnitedRead MoreThe Path For Underserved Students Transitioning From Community College980 Words   |  4 Pagesof their individual abilities and without regard to [socio]economic status, race, creed, color, sex, national origin or ancestry, [which] is [the] major goal of American democracy† (United States Zook, 1947, p.  3). Thus, the purpose of this essay is to analyze the path for underserved students transitioning from community college to a 4-year university, while reconceptualizing the American Dream. Through a critical race theoretical lends, this essay will outline the historical trend and statisticalRead MoreThe Problem Of African American Educational Achievement951 Words   |  4 Pagesexperience faculty and even other students who assume they are an assistant or intern and not the instructor. Second, â€Å"infantilization†, where students feel black women are only experts in the field about Black or Women Studies and they serve as â€Å"race experts† Third is the â€Å"burden of invisibility† where either student, faculty, or administrator, Black women feel as if they are invisible and serve as token piece that is present but not used. Last, is hyper-surveillance, where women of color areRead More Critical Race Theory and the Rodney King Case Essay773 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Race Theory and the Rodney King Case In reviewing the article, Canadian Critical Race Theory, I found that the author, Carol Aylvard, raises some very interesting as well as disturbing questions on the nature of racism within the realm of police enforcement. In looking through the lens of the Rodney King case, we are provided with a very specific example of how the issue of race was dealt with, or not dealt with within the LAPD and judicial system. To gain a clearer understanding ofRead MoreSocial And Academic Performance Of Undocumented Mexican Women Essay1014 Words   |  5 Pagescontemporary period. In my research I plan to address the following questions: What propels guilt, anxiety and sense of separation in undocumented Mexican women, specially undocumented female Mexican students? How does intersectionalities and the Critical Race Theory play a role to address this issues? How does immigration pattern change their experience? What role do intersectionalities play on perpetuating this feelings? And, most importan tly how are the feelings of guilt, anxiety and sense of separationRead MoreBell Hooks And The Feminist Movement872 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom the 1970’s that fought for issues that affected women. This movement gave her an outlet to express her ideas about feminism. Bell Hooks fought for women’s rights through literature and created a more inclusive feminist movement by exploring how race and class factor into women’s oppression. Bell Hooks is part of the feminist movement but did not feel that the movement represented the levels of oppression that individual women of different groups face, so she introduced new ideas with the conceptRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1372 Words   |  6 Pagesthe critical race theory which examines the negative effects of systemic racism, is a very fitting lens through which one can evaluate this piece of literature. This school of thought serves as evidence for Walker s argument in Everyday Use that one cannot truly appreciate or identify with their African heritage until they confront and destroy their own personal dilemmas.      Critical Theories serve as a method to delve further into a specific subject matter. For instance, the Critical Race TheoryRead MoreThe Beliefs Of Misconceptions And Gender, Race, And Sexuality1472 Words   |  6 Pagesapproaches the beliefs of misconceptions already existent towards multi social groups’ underlying different issues mostly affecting African Americans. These issues highlighted by Collins include, â€Å"a set of ideas and social practices shaped by gender, race, and sexuality that frame Black men and women’s treatment of one another, as well as how African Americans are perceived and treated by others† (p.7). These ideas encapsulate a false understanding of the issues surrounding the persecutions the blackRead MoreCareer Development Plan For My Urban Students777 Words   |  4 Pagescome into play when I witness how some of lower-income families do not appear to appreciate the importance of the DE program and CTE coursework. Parsons (2008) contes ts, â€Å"deficit perspective begins with an implicit premise that the cultural, social, educational, political, and economic sphere of life in the United States and access within the aforementioned are the same for all American regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, social class and so forth†(p. 1128). Therefore, I cannot let my biases prohibit

Zeitoun Essay Free Essays

Despite warnings of evacuation, Abdulrahman Zeitoun, a Syrian-American owner of a painting and contracting company in New Orleans, chose to stay when hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans. During his canoe trip journey after Katrina, Zeitoun encountered many people who were trapped in their homes and in need of his help. Risking his life to save others, Zeitoun was falsely accused of stealing and dealing drugs because of his race. We will write a custom essay sample on Zeitoun Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Zeitoun, Dave Eggers portrays the view that America has towards Muslim people and how people are treated unjustly simply because of how they look. A few days after Katrina hit, the levees broke, leaving the trapped civilians in shock and poverty. People who remained in the city had little resources, causing many people to break into other homes and stores to find whatever they can to survive. Zeitoun sailed on his canoe around the city and helped people who were trapped in their homes, including two dogs that were left behind by their owners. He felt that he was unable to leave his business because he felt responsible for the damaged houses throughout the duration of the storm. Also, Zeitoun felt that his home was â€Å"worth fighting for† (70) Zeitoun believed that by staying in New Orleans, he felt as if this opportunity was given to him by God to help the people who were still trapped in the city. The National Guards showed up at Zeitoun’s house with guns, assuming that Zeitoun and his friends were part of the Al Qaeda. The guards forcefully tackled them to the ground and arrested them. The National Guards did not inform them why they were being arrested and taken into custody. Zeitoun was taken to an interrogation room where he was stripped naked and his rectum searched for imported goods. They were forced to sleep on the ground and could not touch the jail bars or there would be consequences. Zeitoun was accused of terrorist activity, thus he and his friends were treated inhumanly. During the brutal treatment in jail, Zeitoun had splinters on his foot and asked for medical attention, but his request was denied without consideration due to his status. Eventually, his splinter got worse and he had to perform a medical procedure by cutting the splinter out himself. The soldiers and police in charge of the city after the hurricane arrested anyone who looked remotely suspicious and even those who did not. Instead of serving the public by helping them in the days following the hurricane, they took the civilians to the Greyhound bus station where they dispensed people into cages. Zeitoun and his companions were denied their rights, including the right to make a phone call. Knowing his constitutional rights, Zeitoun makes desperate pleas to the guards to have the opportunity to call his wife, Kathy, in Arizona. However, Zeitoun is repeatedly met with answers such as, â€Å"Phone’s don’t work. You guys are terrorists. You’re Taliban. † (222) Based on how they looked, they were treated as terrorists and the law seemingly did not apply to them. When Zeitoun’s wife, Kathy, finds out that he was arrested, she did not give up fighting until he was out of jail. Kathy did everything she could to get her husband out of jail. Kathy found a lawyer and found out exactly where Zeitoun was. When Kathy came to see Zeitoun, Raleigh, Zeitoun’s lawyer told her that it would cost $75,000 to bail her husband out. The price would have been lower if Zeitoun was not charged of being a terrorist. Zeitoun was wrongly treated because he seemed to be different from everyone else, due to his ethnicity, heritage, and beliefs. The National Security were afraid that Zeitoun was a terrorists that would put the country into turmoil. The soldiers and police abused their powers and treated people that are different with brutality. Dave Eggers was trying to show the reader how people can be wrongly punished based on their background, race, culture, and religions even if they mean no harm. Dave Egger’s book illustrates how people tend to jump into conclusions and make fast assumptions of others without getting to know them. How to cite Zeitoun Essay, Essay examples

Representation of Aboriginality in Modern †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Representation of Aboriginality in Modern. Answer: Introduction: The two articles All the facts must be taught about Australias history by Nyunggai Warren Mundine and Get over it, its 200 years ago': Anger over uni's guidelines for teaching Australian history by Nicholas McCallum. Present different perspectives on how the Australian history should be taught and passed to the current and the future generation management. Mr. Nyunggai Warren Mundine in his article argues that Australian history should be taught in schools without the use of politically correct language (Nyunggai, 2016). A term such as "invasion" should be not be substituted for a word such as to settle. The conviction illumines such argument that Australia was invaded by the British colonizers, who assumed that native people did not have private ownership of land and were deprived of structured society or any recognizable legal or civic system. In addition, Warren view history as incontrovertible and as such it should not be edited to fit any agenda. Consequently, it should be inclu sive of both European and Indigenous perspectives assessing the contribution of each in the building of the modern Australia (Nyunggai, 2016). Conversely, Mr. Nicholas McCallum in his article approaches the concept of Australian history from the point of indifference. In the article, he does more of reporting others viewpoints about how the history should be viewed than giving his thought on how history should be taught. He quotes a radio personality who thinks that explaining the historical facts as they were would divide the society. He further includes the view of Alan Jones who believes that the use of politically incorrect language would result in conflict (McCallum, 2016). The two articles thus differ significantly in that, Mr. Nyunggais article presents a well-articulated position on how history should be taught while Mr. McCallum offers scanty quotes of others view regarding Australian history. In addition, Nyunggais article advocates scrutiny of both Indigenous and European historical perspectives while McCallum article lacks any significant contribution regarding how Australian history should be approached. Media as a powerful instrument through which information is disseminated effects how Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders families and communities perceive their experience (Bullimore, 1999). Stereotypical portrayal and representation of the indigenous people by the media inculcate the sense of low self-esteem in the children of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders communities. Similarly, such a portrayal make the community feel guilty of its experience thus evoking ravage sentiments. Furthermore, media affects how the families pass values to the next generations and the self-perception they form of themselves (Stoneham, Goodman, Daube, 2014). In conclusion, Mr. Warren Mundine approach in teaching Australian history should be adopted in the education system management. Adoption of such a system would allow the Australian natives develop an appreciation of their cultural identity as well as acknowledge the contributions of the European culture in the formation of the modern Australia. It will further lead to the creation of a cohesive society which is founded on mutual understanding and respect. Cultural identity is one of the ideal values any cultural tradition can pass to its generation. As a consequence, preservation of culture has been a critical part of humanity ever since the commencement of time. The passing of traditional and cultural ideas keeps the current generations connected to the spirits of their ancestors. Although different cultures utilize various customs to construct their identity, some believe that mother tongue is the most crucial in the formation of the cultural identity (Bodkin-Andrews, Carlson, 2016). In Australia cultural identity of the indigenous people has been interfered with since 1788 when the colonizers invaded Australia. As a result, of the invaders, the identities and cultures of the indigenous population have been eroded. Similarly, the attempt to construct the indigenous and non-indigenous cultural identities has faced numerous obstacles. The objective of the essay, therefore, is to analyze the elements which hinder the construction of t he indigenous and non-indigenous cultural identities in Australia. Media is a powerful tool for disseminating information to the society as well as forming a picture of the society in question. As such, media has the power to create a harmonious relationship between communities with varied cultural identities or antagonism. The core determinant is how it portrays the one society to the other. In Australia media has portrayed Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders as submissive, passive, primitive, devious, and violent people who have no culture; thus, inferior to the white invaders or non-indigenous people. Therefore, media forms the core element that hinders the reconstruction of the indigenous and non-indigenous cultural identities in Australia (Gray Beresford, 2008). It is indisputable that, dense history of offensive, racist, and distorted representation has marked the lives of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders in the Australia. However, the prevalent stereotypical portrayal and representation have minimized. It is thus prudent to argu e that media is responsible for promoting and perpetuation of harmful stereotypes which lead to conflicts, ignorance, and insensitivity between the indigenous and the non-indigenous people. In Australia media has adopted the use of politically correct language such as referring to the European invaders as settlers (Koerner, 2015). This is a clear indication that Australian media is dependent on the contributions of the white elite actors and organizations who wish to evaluate and interpret historical events within their ideologies. As a consequence, the voice of the indigenous people is portrayed as less credible. Media fails to describe the white invasion and forceful removal of the indigenous people from their native land as a gross violation of human rights. Such attack was intended to merge, absorb or assimilate the indigenous cultural identity of the natives, hence, make them cease as a distinct group of people. The white elites appear ethically neutral when giving their interpretation and evaluation of the historical events while the aim is to guard their interests. Furthermore, their voices are often defended by some politicians, academics, and lawyers who are sh areholders in their interests (Norquay Drozdzewski, 2017). The impact of the media representation and portrayal of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders in the media has a very grave impact on children, teachers, and the teaching profession. Psychology demonstrates that self-esteem, values, and attitudes are well assimilated during the teen years and at times earlier. Hence, what children pick from the media is integrated and aids them to form values, opinions, and attitudes toward others and of themselves within a society (Meadows, 2004). The portrayal and the representation of the Aboriginal and the Torres Strait Islanders as submissive, passive, primitive, devious, and violent people who have no culture and thus inferior to the white invaders or non-indigenous people make the non-indigenous children to form a negative picture of the indigenous people. Similarly, when young indigenous people see themselves portrayed and represented as submissive, passive, primitive, devious, and violent people who have no culture and thus inferior to the white invaders or to non-indigenous people they develop low self-esteem. Media thus must learn to affirm the value of the indigenous people management, because contrary affirms that the natives are unimportant. Such portrayal makes the children to be alienated and develop a sense of helplessness and lack of control (Holmes Julian, 2014). A teachers attitude towards a subject determines how he/she delivers the content of the subject to the student. Hence, a biased teacher is likely to deliver distorted and half-truths to his/her students. In Australia, a teacher is allowed to decide what teach him /her judge to be of interest and choose to what depth to teach (Sarra, 2011). Therefore, a teacher who is non-native or who has been influenced by the media lacks the authentic understanding of the Aboriginal and the Torres Strait Islanders. Similarly, the stereotypical media influences have penetrated into how teachers are trained. Few teachers are adequately trained on the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders culture. Consequently, only a handful portion of teachers who have the skills to challenge the colonial and the media stereotypes which have become engraved in Australians attitudes and values. Teachers who are competent in the indigenous cultures are thus a necessity in challenging student who has inculcated coloni al values to enable them to achieve a cultural identity of their own. In conclusion, it is unfortunate that many stereotypes about the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders had their origin in 1788 when Australia was invaded by the Europeans, who perceived the indigenous people as inferior. More disturbing is the fact that, 200 years after the invasion these stereotypical ideas exist and propagated by both Australian and foreign media. It is sad to note that, though schools are the best avenues to challenge these stereotypes they lack the necessary resources. Especially the human resource with required quality skills to inculcate Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders history, content, and culture to learners using the contemporary issues. Adequate preparation of teachers will see education become a crucial player in enhancing the balanced view of both indigenous and non-indigenous values thus promoting reconciliation. Creation of a civil society demands mutual respect from people of different cultural backgrounds. Such a mutual respect is thus vital in a multicultural country like Australia. Therefore, media and school system must be at the forefront in recognizing the importance of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders cultures. References Bodkin-Andrews, G., Carlson, B. (2016). The legacy of racism and Indigenous Australian Identity within education. Race Ethnicity and Education, 19(4), 784-807. Bullimore, K. (1999). Media dreaming: Representation of aboriginality in modern Australian media. Asia Pacific Media Educator, 1(6), 7. Gray, J., Beresford, Q. (2008). A formidable challenge: Australia's quest for equity in Indigenous education. Australian Journal of Education, 52(2), 197-223. Holmes, D., Hughes, K., Julian, R. (2014). Australian sociology. Pearson Australia. Jang, H. S. (2015). Social identities of young indigenous people in contemporary Australia: Neo-colonial north, Yarrabah. Springer. Koerner, C. (2015). White Australian identities and Indigenous land rights. Social Identities, 21(2), 87-101. McCallum N. (2016). Get over it; it's 200 years ago': Anger over uni's guidelines for teaching Australian history. The Yahoo Mail. Meadows, M. (2004). Media images of Indigenous affairs in Australia. Outer limits: A reader in communication across cultures, 273-289. Norquay, M., Drozdzewski, D. (2017). Stereotyping the Shire: Assigning White Privilege to Place and Identity. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 38(1), 88-107. Nyunggai, W. (2016). All the facts must be taught about Australias history. The Koor Mail. Sarra, G. (2011). Indigenous studies in all schools. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 15(6), 611-625. Stoneham, M., Goodman, J., Daube, M. (2014). The portrayal of Indigenous health in selected Australian media. The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 5(1), 1-13.

Wireless Technologies on Their Way The Essence of Innovations

Wireless Media and Telecommunications: The Effects At present, it is hard to imagine the life of an average citizen without such an element of everyday life as wireless media. Indeed, the use of the latter has changed the present-day world completely, turning it into a place where everything is intertwined into a single entity. Therefore, it is especially important to consider the effect which wireless media has had on telecommunications.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Wireless Technologies on Their Way: The Essence of Innovations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is obvious that with the help of wireless-based telecommunications, a faster and more efficient connection with any country of the world is possible. Hence, it can be considered that the world integration and the fusion of cultures owe much to the telecommunication system, which has made the exchange of knowledge and elements of cultures possibl e. In addition, one can see distinctly that with the help of wireless media, signals can be transmitted to longer distances and, thus, reach the most remotely located places. Therefore, it can be considered that telecommunications development was spurred greatly with the help of wireless media. The Ways Smartphones Are Changing the Business Landscape Oddly enough, there was the time when the idea of carrying a portable computer which allowed both to transmit certain multimedia to the most distant places and at the same time be used as a means of efficient and high-quality communication was considered impossible. Now that Smartphones have become a part and parcel of everyday reality, the above-mentioned idea does not seem that fantastic anymore. With the help of Smartphones, the pattern of communication is currently changing, which can be demonstrated best on the example of business communication. The most important thing about Smartphones is their ability to turn into a mobile phone when one needs to communicate with a partner and into a mini-computer when the access to the Internet is required. Therefore, the use of smartphones makes business run faster due to their functionality. The second factor which allows to spur business processes with the use of smartphones is the fact that the latter allow to communicate with people all over the world without taking exhausting travels. Thus, smartphones can be considered the driving force of entrepreneurship.Advertising Looking for assessment on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Location-Based Applications for Business and Individual Users: Benefits and Drawbacks Nowadays, having merely a mobile phone with a sole function of calling and receiving phone calls is no longer in existence, mostly because, with a bunch of functions and new gimmicks, such gadgets as smartphones are surprisingly more useful and obviously more marketable. Among the most recent functions included in smartphones, the location-based application seems to make the most sense and enjoy the widest popularity. However, its importance varies depending on whom it serves. When it comes to business and entrepreneurship, the use of the LBA services seems rather legit, for with the help of the LBA, business partners can assess their opportunities better. However, taken as a function for individual users, the given gimmick is nowhere near the significance the application has for businesses and entrepreneurs, because the former face the situations when a chance to use the Wi-Fi zone is crucial are fewer. Thus, it is clear that wireless media have spurred communication. Affecting both business and personal life, they revolutionized communication sphere. The world is facing the era of information society being fully equipped. This assessment on Wireless Technologies on Their Way: The Essence of Innovations was written and submitted by user Judith Flowers to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Kerry essays

Kerry essays November 2, 2004 may mark a new beginning for our country. The Bush Administration that began with so much promise and hope for our country has fallen far short of my expectation. From family values, the economy, foreign policy, gun control, and the environment, are just a few of the issues that have swayed me to turn to the Democratic ticket for hope. I never would have thought our country would be in its current state of affair. Coming through the Clinton years which had its ups and downs I thought once President Bush took control, the glory of this country would begin to be bright again. I am disappointed with this Administration and I would like to point out some issues that are important to me. First and for most, our environment is very important to the survival of the human race. Bush has allowed big business to pollute the environment. He has not been a supporter of clean air laws, and I feel he has gotten away from his promise of protecting this countrys environment. The Bush Administration has not lived up to its promise of clean air, free of pollutants, clean water, and protection of our wildlife. These issues have not been important to this Administration. Without a clean environment program our country and the world does not have a chance to survive. We need to recognize the importance of these issues and develop a program which will protect this generation and those in the future. The United States of America has always been a leader in these areas, always setting the tone for the world to follow our lead. Now, this Administration has fallen short and other countries are surpassing us by taking more of an active role in protecting our environment. The economy also plays an important part in my decision to turn toward the Democratic Party. During the Clinton Administration our country's economy prospered. Americans enjoyed increased prof...

Canadian Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Canadian Identity - Essay Example The immigration of people from all over the world and their adoption of an essentially Canadian way of life have led to a situation where the people of this country have been united. This union has come about mainly because the increasing number of immigrants has been able to counter the some of the negative effects brought about by the British- and French-speaking populations. Immigrant communities have been able to bring about diversity in the political, social and economic life of Canada. These individuals have, in addition, been able to adapt to life in Canada so effectively that they have become a basic part of life in the country. They have further been able to promote a strong Canadian identity, especially in the second and third generations after the original immigrants, that they have not only transcended the political and social conflicts previously experienced, but have also been instrumental in the creation of a strong Canadian identity that has allowed the nation to cont inue thriving. In conclusion, the discussion above has attempted to show that Canadian identity has come about as a result of its multicultural nature, the identification of a common destiny by its people, and immigration which has become a basic part of the country’s policies. Among the most significant aspects of these has been its multiculturalism which has allowed for the creation of a diverse nation. Through the development of a strong national identity, these cultures have been brought together in such a way that they have fostered unity.

Emerging Economy is coined to defined developing countries that are Essay

Emerging Economy is coined to defined developing countries that are undergoing a growth through a reform or practices - Essay Example This increase in foreign investments allows room for development and economic growth within these countries. China and India are considered to the top emerging economies at present given their rate of development in the last decade. These countries have been able to develop their infrastructure to such an extent that international countries from all over the world have opened up operation in these two countries. For the purpose of this paper, an attempt would be made to develop an understanding of one of these countries, specifically India. India, though was primarily an agricultural country, has used globalization to develop its technological infrastructure which has been the main source of growth for the country in the last decade. The paper would work on the different factors, specifically economic, political and technological factors, which allow India to enjoy the position of an Emerging Economy. Based on this analysis, recommendations would be developed for India to improve upo n its economical position in the coming years. India India is one of the most populated countries of the world and specifically the world’s most populated democratic city. ... India, from then onwards operated as a democratic nation with a wide gap between its rich and poor. It was not till the economic reform of 1990 that India was able to enjoy a growth in its economy. Subsequent to the economic reforms, India enjoyed an economic growth that rose to 7 percent annually for three consecutive years, namely from 1994 to 1997. Even during the recent global financial crisis that hit the world in 2007, India was able to show a positive economic growth. It was able to not just avoid the recession but was also able to show a growth of 6.5 percent in 2010 (Lynch, 2010). At present, India occupies a prominent position in the world in terms of its economic position. India is considered to be among the top 15 countries as it is the fourth largest economy after US, China and Japan. India, with its huge labor pool, attracts extensive amount of foreign investment in the form of international companies wanting to open up operations in foreign countries. This being so, In dia is the second most preferred country, after China, as an investment destination. Critics, however, argue that India is a long way from being considered a developed country. Even though, India has been able to show a consistent economic growth, it may not be able to maintain this growth given its political conditions and infrastructure. They believe that India has not truly capitalized on its current position and thus has not taken to development at a rapid pace. For them, India has not been able to reap the potential that it has given its rich labor pool and technological advancement. In the following section, this paper would analyze the economic, political and technological factors that led to the consideration of India

The effects of alcohol on metabolism of liver Lab Report

The effects of alcohol on metabolism of liver - Lab Report Example The primary metabolic pathway of alcohol in the liver is by oxidation through the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway with the resultant production of acetaldehyde. Redox homeostasis is compromised resulting in metabolic disorders like hyperuricemia, hyperlipemia and a rise in HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) An increase in NADH levels consequent to oxidation promotes fatty acid synthesis with the resultant hepatic fat accumulation. Acetaldehyde produced itself has detrimental effects by decreasing the activity of key enzymes and reducing oxygen utilization in mitochondria (2, 4). Experiments in rats and sub human primates suggest that chronic alcohol exposure to the liver results in an increase in ethanol metabolism involving the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway resulting in increased oxygen uptake (3) and results in a fatty liver despite an adequate nutritional intake exclusively due to the action of alcohol (5, 9). Synthesis of ATP is suppressed due to due to decrease in both mitochondrial as well as glycolytic activities as a result of oxygen deficiency (6). Cirrhosis is a common sequel to chronic alcohol consumption with abundance of fibrous tissue in the liver, whose chief component is collagen indicating a direct effect of alcohol consumption on hepatic collagen metabolism. Increased synthesis of collagen triggered by the oxidation of alcohol in the hepatocytes which results in elevated lactate concentration which enhances the activity of collagen proline hydroxylase enzyme. (7). Experimental and clinical studies over the last four decades have indicated the alcohol induced oxidative stress and the direct effects of acetaldehyde as the main culprits for liver disease (4). Strategies to counter them have been experimentally proven to reduce liver damage. 1. Addolorato G., Capristoi E.,Greco A.V., Stefanini G.F.& Gasbarrini G., Inï ¬â€šuence of chronic alcohol abuse on body weight and energy metabolism: is excess ethanol consumption a risk factor for obesity

Originality in Postmodern Art

Originality in Postmodern Art A number of postmodern theorists and artists have questioned whether there is such thing as originality in art. Discuss this issue with reference to examples of the work of one or more recent artists who have questioned the notion of originality in their work. Postmodernism rejects the modern idea of originality as the new, and substitutes it with a combination of elements from the past. One of the main characteristics of Postmodernism was its tearing down of borders between styles and various cultural elements and the advance towards seeking something new and original was discarded and substituted with an amalgamation of elements from past and existing cultures. (Perina 2006) Postmodernism distances the subject, to declare the death of individualism. It leads to the reprocessing of objects and images from the past to create a more real and personal experience. There is too much information for us to process and make sense of and we are trapped in a world of second-hand experiences, dependent upon media representation of the world rather than our first-hand experience.(Crouch 1999) Originality as observed by contemporary artists, borrows heavily from postmodernist discourse. This essay will look at the works of several postmodern artists who participate in a critique and deconstruction of the myth of traditional originality whilst simultaneously seeking new ways to take their art in new and unexpected directions. It further inquires into the views of well known art writers and critics who acknowledge the way in which the placement of an artwork in a different context, or the re-working of an original image or images from the past can bestow it an entire new understanding, therefore granting an element of originality. Sherrie Levine, Andy Warhol and their many followers questioned and re-positioned issues around authorship and the original in artistic practice. This legacy is important to explore as the appropriated image and the pastiched image is so central in todays art and commercial practice especially since the growth of digital imaging. (Hammerstingl 1998 ) Sherrie Levine (b. 1947) is a primary example of a postmodern artist who confronts the issues surrounding postmodernist appropriation. Her critique of authorship and aura are central to Sherrie Levines audacious and influential deconstruction of the modernist myths of originality in many of her re-appropriations of eminent works by male artists. (Delacour 2009) Since the early 1980s, Levine has made a career out of re-using or appropriating renowned works of art, often by making new versions of them and placing them in different contexts. (Walker Art Center 2007) Her works have been understood as a commentary on the death of Modernism and its ideals, notions of artistic originality, the authenticity and autonomy of the art object and its status as a commodity. (Museum of Modern Art 2010) Levines Fountain (After Marcel Duchamp: A.P.) (1991), (Fig. 1) is an unmistakeable reference to Marcel Duchamps famous 1917 piece Fountain (Fig. 2). Cast in bronze to a highly polished finish, it transforms an everyday object into a beautiful and ostentatious piece which is presented on a narrow pedestal that closely resembles the display of Duchamps Fountain. Levine strove for total historical accuracy by locating a urinal from the identical manufacturer and year that Duchamp used, although she was unable to find the exact model. (Buskirk 2003) When compared to Duchamps sculpture, it is evident that Levines Fountain is not an exact replica. Most notably, Duchamps piece was an actual urinal which was turned upside-down and remained unchanged apart from his signature. In contrast, Levines urinal is more contemporary and has been cast in bronze, the traditional metal of sculptors. (Walker Art Center 2007) This use of bronze in such a way makes reference to another artist, Constantine Brancusi, who was notorious for producing sculptures in highly polished bronze (Buskirk 2003). When polished to a brilliant shine Levines urinal no longer remains a common, store-bought item. Instead it has been transformed by the artist into a unique object. (walkerart) Author and critic Martha Buskirk comments that despite the blatantly obvious reference to Duchamps readymade, Levines urinal has been transformed into a distinctive piece as a result of this choice to have it cast from highly polished bronze. (Buskirk 2003) Due to the recasting of the fountain in bronze, she raises the question of is the sculpture any longer a readymade? Due to the material characteristics of it being altered. By recasting the urinal, Levine challenges the function of the readymade as coming straight from the modes of production of society. Her object is no longer inextricably tied to its presence in everyday society. (Buskirk 2003) Buskirk states that in one sense, Levines Fountain is not a copy at all because she did not require the original Duchamp fountain to create a replica. Instead she attended the same source as Duchamp, which was the realm of mass production. Her piece triggers a history of references to past readymades and replicas of the everyday object. (Buskirk 2003) Sherrie Levines most blatant assault on originality came with her 1981 series After Walker Evans (Fig. 4), a series of twenty-two images which she directly photographed from an exhibition catalogue of famous photographer Walker Evans (b. 1903) work. (Fig. 3) Each one of these black and white photographs represents Depression-era documentation of either a figure, a group of figures, architecture or a barren landscape in a rural, economically-distressed area. (Mandiberg 2010) In writer and artist Linda Weintraubs essay Unoriginality, in Art on the Edge and Over (1996), Weintraub states that Levine makes no attempt to recompose or reinterpret, dismissing any creative or original act with the intention that the images remain true to their reproductive sources. (Weintraub 1996) These works articulate Levines fascination with the photographic process and its reproduction, while raising post-structuralist discourses on authorship, originality and history, from which they partly originate. (Museum of Modern Art 2010) Her appropriation of these fine art images deals with between photography, which is an unlimitedly reproducible medium, and fine art, which is regard as an inimitable object. Often art photographers limit the size of their editions to give their pieces the aura or a unique object. This aura is then diminished when the works are reproduced in magazines and books. Although the photographs Levine takes originate from the media, she restores them to the arena of fine art in her framing and presenting them as singular works which is where and how the original photographer, Walker Evans, aimed them to be seen. (Weintraub 1996) Linda Weintraub affirms that regardless of the association between the originals and her copies, Sherrie Levines photographs assume originality because they embody a new and possibly more profound artistic concept, which has never been so boldly explored. (Weintraub 1996) In the perceived wake of Modernism, the heroic potential of autonomous artists or autonomous works of art was challenged as artists such as Levine sought to demonstrate the importance of these ideas in the wake of the massive increase in social image consumption due to technological reproduction. (Mandiberg 2010) She writes, The world is filled to suffocating.ÂÂ   Man has placed his token on every stone.ÂÂ   Every word, every image, is leased and mortgaged.ÂÂ   We know that a picture is but a space in which a variety of images, none of them original, bend and clash. (Levine 1981) It is impossible to remove the art historical aspect to Sherrie Levines art. She works within the space of art historical discourse and dialogue, in attempts to add new perspectives on art by actually appropriating and reproducing them in novel ways. So much of the importance of her works derives from the fact that these works are recognizable within the general American public, but more importantly in the art historical canon. (Zimmerman 2008) (reword) It is perhaps Andy Warhols (b. 1928) use of photo silkscreens that offered the most rigorous challenge to traditional definitions of originality. Warhol explored intrinsic multiplicity in the repetitive use of screens in his silkscreen paintings that he began to produce in 1962. He produced a series of works containing ongoing repetition of an image within single works. Often his technique of blotting would result in the ink lines in his drawings appearing as though they were a personal touch. The method he used also lent itself to replicating deviations of the image via a process of repeated tracing that he would often get his assistants to accomplish. Warhol frequently employed his mother to replicate his signature for him. Consequently, Warhols fame as a fine artist rests on the manner in which he expunged any trace of his hand from his work and any evidence of what would be considered individuality. (Buskirk 2003) (need this?) This brief time in which Warhol began to develop his silkscreen paintings, was a phase in which Warhol was producing amazing output. It was during this time that he produced his infamous celebrity and name-brand product images. One of his most renowned examples is his Marilyn Diptych (1962) (Fig. 5) which was based on a publicity photograph from the 1953 film Niagra. The paintings of this time are excellent examples of multiple copies without an original. His method allowed for variations within the prints so that no two works were identical. Although Warhol employed assistants to produce works created by mechanical means to transfer images that he often didnt even select himself, his works are nonetheless recognised as Warhols due to his certain form of authorship. It can be argued that his original contribution included the regular removal of evident participation. (Buskirk 2003) One of Warhols most renowned works was Brillo Soap Pads Boxes (1964) (Fig. 6). To make his replicas he used wooden boxed and silkscreened over them to directly resemble the cartons that they were reproducing. This work is an example of one form of mechanical reproduction being employed to duplicate another form of printed surface, although the change of materials added a slight change to the more dramatic transformation that resulted from their recontextualisation. (Buskirk 2003) It could be argued that Brillo Soap Pads Boxes, and much of Andy Warhols work, is absent of any kind of originality due to its almost undistinguishable resemblance to the original product in which he had no participation in the creation of, however he makes a striking contribution via his insightful critique of the enticing nature of commodity in a culture driven by mass media. He achieves this through his use of repetition. The anonymous author who designed or photographed the products adopted by Warhol for use within his work becomes replaced by the artist who comments on the products cultural familiarity, an act of recontextualizing. (Buskirk 2003) In Warhols Flowers (1965) (Fig. 7), he appropriated an image of flowers that he found in a 1964 issue of Modern Photography magazine. When the photographer of the photo, Patricia Caufield discovered that Warhol had appropriated her image she filed a lawsuit against him for infringing on copyright as she was able to claim legal authorship. The case was settled out of court, with Warhol offering to give Caufield two of his Flower paintings. When analysed, it is evident that there exists several differences between Caufields image and Warhols appropriation. First of all he cropped the photograph so that it focussed on four flowers; the image has been flattened by the removal of detail and the adding of solid blocks of colour within the flowers. His changes in medium, scale and colour helped to transform the image considerably. (Buskirk 2003) Although the original photographs that Warhol sourced to base many of his artworks on were neither taken by or owned by him, his works become original by the manner in which he re-works them and exhibits them. It is very hard to confuse authorship as Warhol upholds a style that is distinctively his own. He takes ordinary images and through his alterations of them makes them extraordinary. (Buskirk 2003) In each of the cases presented, the artists have exercised an act of recontextualisation by taking a recognisable object or image and transforming it by altering how it is made or where it is found. Through this process each of the artists has achieved the act of both recognising and acknowledging the original author whilst claiming authorship for themselves via the process of this recontextualisation?. (Buskirk 2003) The diverse ways that artists have adopted and transformed these familiar images and objects furthermore articulate a complex layering of quotation and reference that exemplifies contemporary art. (Buskirk 2003) In addition, the artistic product desires a measure of creativity on the audiences part. The viewer contributes to the creation of works via their interpretations and evaluations of them. (Leddy 1994) French literary theorist and critic Roland Barthes attributes authorship to the reader who shapes meaning and understanding. Barthes created writings that directly suggested the idea of Death of the Author as a central post-modern concept. (Hammerstingl 1998) He states To give a text an Author and assign a single, corresponding interpretation to it is to impose a limit on that text. Roland Barthes asserts that each piece of writing or artwork contains multiple layers and meanings. In a well-known quotation, Barthes draws an analogy between text and textiles, declaring that a text is a tissue [or fabric] of quotations, drawn from innumerable centers of culture, rather than from one, individual experience. The essential meaning of a work depends on the impressions of the reader, rather th an the passions or tastes of the writer; a texts unity lies not in its origins, or its creator, but in its destination, or its audience. (New World Encyclopedia 2008) To summarise, Barthes attributes authorship to the reader who forms meaning and understanding. To reiterate, it is not the value and function that an object relies on to communicate with its audience, but its veiled references and codes from the past that permit a more individual perception. The originality and authenticity of the primary source ceases to be imperative in postmodernist art. Instead it is the recycled message which is constructed upon the unconscious memories and perceptions from the past that gives command to new perceptions and new perspectives of originality. The amalgamation of non-referring styles united together helps to create a new original, assembled from well identified originals of the past. Equally the postmodernist concept of deconstruction utilises the intercommunication amid the influence and continual process of referring. (Perina 2006)

Genocide and Americans Actions :: essays research papers

Opinion 1: Lead the World in the Fight to Stop Genocide Military:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the Genocide Convention signed and put into effect by the U.N December 9. 1948. Anyone committing genocide, whether constitutionally responsible rulers, public officials, or private individuals will be punished. Genocide is defined as the killing of members in a group, causing serious bodily or mental harm, imposing measures intended to prevent birth, or forcibly transferring children of that group to another group. This is exactly what is taking place in Darfur, Sudan. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimates as many as 50,000 people have been killed and about 1 million internally relocated. In addition roughly 170,000 refugees have fled to eastern Chad. These actions led to Secretary of State Colin Powell along with President Bush to officially declare the crisis a genocide.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The U.N still has not recognized the crimes committed in Darfur as a Genocide. However in September 2004 the Security Council passed Resolution 1564 which threatens sanction against the Sudanese government if it does not stop attacks by the Arab Sudanese militias on black Sudanese villagers in the Darfur region. Sudanese officials have largely dismissed it, accusing the United States, for example of trying to overthrow an Arab government. They obviously don’t fear that sanction on their oil exports of some 320,000 barrels per day that will be imposed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This shows Sudanese resolve, they are willing to forfeit the economic status in order to eliminate these African tribes. As the worlds last superpower we have an obligation to protect those nearing extinction using any means necessary.