Evolution of Management - 1893 Words

Evolution of Management By Jason Kolff American Public University January 27, 2008 In this paper I will be explaining the evolution of management from the beginning of the industrial revolution to present which includes Classical School of Management, the Human Relations/ Behavioral School of Management, Theory X and Y, the Scientific Approach, Contingency Approach, and Theory Z. I will also be comparing the classical style and the present style to each†¦show more content†¦He argued that management was a universal process that consisting of functions, which he termed planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. Fayol believed that all managers performed these functions and that the functions distinguished management as a separate discipline of study apart from accounting, finance, and production. [2] Fayol also presented fourteen principles of management, which included; the division of work, authority and responsibility, unity of command and direction, centralization, subordinate initiative, team spirit/espirit de corps, initiative , stability of personnel, order, equity, discipline, unity of direction, remuneration/ fair compensation, scalar chain/chain of command. Behavioral or Human Relations management emerged in the 1920s and dealt with the human aspects of organizations. It has been referred to as the neoclassical school because it was initially a reaction to the shortcomings of the classical approaches to management. The human relations movement began with the Hawthorne Studies which were conducted from 1924 to 1933 at the Hawthorne Plant of the Western Electric Company in Cicero, Illinois. One of the major conclusions of the Hawthorne studies was that workers attitudes are associated with productivity. Another was that the workplace is a social system and informal group influence, could have a powerful effect on individual behavior. A third was that the style of supervision is anShow MoreRelatedEvolution of Management1083 Words   |  5 PagesEvolution of Management The evolution of management can be divided into three distinct era’s. The Pre-Classical Era, Classical era and Neo-classical era. Pre-Classical Era From the Biblical times we find monarchies of the time use some form of management to lord over the great kingdoms such as the Egyptians who used hierarchy management to build the pyramids, Moses leading the Israelites through the desert to the promised land and King David when he was in charge of the kingdom of Israel. InRead MoreThe Evolution Of Sport Management1486 Words   |  6 PagesThe evolution of sport management Comparatively, the field of sport management is a rather new academic discipline (Chalip, 2006), which has faced some challenges in terms of justifying its importance in the academic world. Nonetheless, Chalip (2006) believes it was an unavoidable course for the evolution of sport management. Mullin (1980) defined the sport manager as follows: ‘A person whose job entails planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling to be performed within the contextRead MoreEssay on Evolution of Management649 Words   |  3 Pagespast hundred years management has continuously been evolving. There have been a wide range of approaches in how to deal with management or better yet how to improve management functions in our ever changing environment. From as early as 1100 B.C managers have been struggling with the same issues and problems that managers face today. Modern managers use many of the practices, principles, and techniques developed from earlier concepts and experiences. The evolution of management though the decadesRead MoreThe Evolution Of Management Practice929 Words   |  4 PagesThe Evolution of Management The Origins of Management Practice and How They Play a Role Today The origins of classical management practices plays a role in today’s management beliefs due to the fact that they overlap each other. As a classical management skill was invented and exercised, the faults in a particular management skill were studied. As business evolved so did the managerial skills needed to perform the tasks needed. A new management field would be invented, using the best of the olderRead MoreThe Evolution Of Management Theory1153 Words   |  5 Pages Detailed Summary Management theory constantly evolves when there are new ideas or when there is and intention of attempts of transforming the theory. Hence this theory can also be called as the â€Å"condensed theory† To know the history of the management theory is the fundamental task (Sarshar, 2002). The evolution of management began after the industrial revolution had occurred in Europe and America, which was in the end of the 19th century. During the evolution of the management theory, there wereRead MoreThe Evolution Of Management Studies1116 Words   |  5 Pages The evolution in management studies has grown significantly due to the appearance of the information technologies. In contrast, the classic management practices became less effective in many organisations. Historically, the industrial revolution generated most of the managerial principles. For instance, the financial department concern about the return on investment, while the marketing department focuses in the marginal profit and market shares. The strategic division pursue a competitive positioningRead MoreThe Evolution Of Quality Management1564 Words   |  7 PagesI always enjoy reading about the history of something because it tends to show you the evolution of it. In this case, the evolution of ‘Qualit y’ is there. In the definition of quality in Chapter 2, Feigenbaum and Crosby both state what they think is the contributing part of quality. Feigenbaum believes that meeting the customers’ expectations is the key, while Crosby feels that if you put an impeccable product out, then that’s quality. However, Goetsch and Davis define a hybrid version of FeigenbaumRead MoreThe Evolution of Management Thought2221 Words   |  9 PagesThe Evolution of Management Thought Khalil Said University of Phoenix The Evolution of Management Thought The evolution of management thoughts and theories in modern management thinking began in the nineteenth century and continued during the twentieth. The need to define management and the role of managers led to the foundation of management theories through experience of the pioneer thinkers. Classical management theory focused on dividing the labors and tasks execution. Classical eraRead MoreThe Evolution Of Management Theory1026 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The evolution of management has been changed many times since the early 1900’s. Many different management theories have been developed, the external factor also changing at the same time, such as the technology and the nature of career. The main theories include classical theory, neoclassical theory, modern systems theory, contingency (or decision) theory, and chaos theory. In the earliest management theories, efficiency was thought to be the most important. However, in today’s workplace;Read MoreThe Evolution Of Personnel Management Essay1013 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: HRM is a modern term for which traditionally been referred to as personnel management. Four key developments in the evolution of personnel management: 1. Industrial revolution era: prior to this revolution individuals use to manufacture from their home and Child labour was common. This revolution began with the invention of new manufacturing machinery which altered the nature of the society. There was ready availability of labours. Workers get higher wages than earned before. Working

The Importance Of Critical Race Theory - 1358 Words

Since the early twentieth century, educational theorists and researchers debated about topics concerning the validity, purposes, and best approach to public education and multicultural academics in the United States. Since the adoption of Ralph Tyler’s teacher-centered, essentialist approach to curriculum, John Dewey’s call for progressive reform and student-centered learning, and Paolo Freire’s call for an education that advocates social change and the destruction of social oppression, education pundits found themselves stuck between different goals, outcomes, and possibilities for teaching in a multicultural way. A review of recent literature proves that one of the goals, Critical Race Theory (CRT), oftentimes stands at the†¦show more content†¦43-46). In order to achieve this, students must develop social justice skills that call for them to be active citizens of their society (Wolk, 2003, p. 102; National Council of the Social Studies, 2008, p. 211; Kumashiro, 2001, p. 8; Wineburg, et. al., 2004, 45). Many researchers and theorists stress the need to approach social studies from a CRT perspective. The idea that the current social studies curriculum supports a privileged class while ignoring all other classes is one that is oftentimes associated with the present curriculum taught today (Kumashiro, 2001, p. 4). Additionally, researchers theorized that students bring stereotypes, myths, and a partial knowledge of various histories and cultures to the classroom. They concluded that in order to better develop informed citizens, curriculum should be based on reality and include students of all races (Wolk, 2003, p. 103; Kumashiro, 2001, p. 4; National Council of the Social Studies, 2008, p. 212; Wineburg, et. al., 2004, p. 45). In order to develop a curriculum that exemplifies the ideals of CRT, researchers sought to record and analyze the best practices of teachers across the United States. In particular, researchers focused on desc ribing how teachers use citizenship, social justice, controversial issues, and research skills to incorporateShow MoreRelatedCritical Race Theory Of Race And Racism1458 Words   |  6 PagesCritical theories of race and racism have been used by sociologists to not only describe modern societies, but also address issues of social injustice and achieve an end to racial oppression. Critical race theory is one of the most widely used for this purpose. Its utility rests upon the assumption that race is a social construct and not an inherent biological feature. In place of the concept of inherent race, critical race theory proffers the concept of racialization. The tenet that the conceptRead MoreRace, Race And Racism Essay1396 Words   |  6 PagesProject Description: This project is comprised of rhetorical commentary overview, that is used to examine and develop a better understanding of the terms, race and racism in society (critical race theory) (Stefancic and Delgado 1995, 177). By using the critical race theory and examining incidents of police misconduct, this will determine whether or not race plays a crucial factor. Additionally, this project encompasses a vast knowledge of the criminal justice system and the police departments of the UnitedRead MoreThe Path For Underserved Students Transitioning From Community College980 Words   |  4 Pagesof their individual abilities and without regard to [socio]economic status, race, creed, color, sex, national origin or ancestry, [which] is [the] major goal of American democracy† (United States Zook, 1947, p.  3). Thus, the purpose of this essay is to analyze the path for underserved students transitioning from community college to a 4-year university, while reconceptualizing the American Dream. Through a critical race theoretical lends, this essay will outline the historical trend and statisticalRead MoreThe Problem Of African American Educational Achievement951 Words   |  4 Pagesexperience faculty and even other students who assume they are an assistant or intern and not the instructor. Second, â€Å"infantilization†, where students feel black women are only experts in the field about Black or Women Studies and they serve as â€Å"race experts† Third is the â€Å"burden of invisibility† where either student, faculty, or administrator, Black women feel as if they are invisible and serve as token piece that is present but not used. Last, is hyper-surveillance, where women of color areRead More Critical Race Theory and the Rodney King Case Essay773 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Race Theory and the Rodney King Case In reviewing the article, Canadian Critical Race Theory, I found that the author, Carol Aylvard, raises some very interesting as well as disturbing questions on the nature of racism within the realm of police enforcement. In looking through the lens of the Rodney King case, we are provided with a very specific example of how the issue of race was dealt with, or not dealt with within the LAPD and judicial system. To gain a clearer understanding ofRead MoreSocial And Academic Performance Of Undocumented Mexican Women Essay1014 Words   |  5 Pagescontemporary period. In my research I plan to address the following questions: What propels guilt, anxiety and sense of separation in undocumented Mexican women, specially undocumented female Mexican students? 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Parsons (2008) contes ts, â€Å"deficit perspective begins with an implicit premise that the cultural, social, educational, political, and economic sphere of life in the United States and access within the aforementioned are the same for all American regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, social class and so forth†(p. 1128). Therefore, I cannot let my biases prohibit

Zeitoun Essay Free Essays

Despite warnings of evacuation, Abdulrahman Zeitoun, a Syrian-American owner of a painting and contracting company in New Orleans, chose to stay when hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans. During his canoe trip journey after Katrina, Zeitoun encountered many people who were trapped in their homes and in need of his help. Risking his life to save others, Zeitoun was falsely accused of stealing and dealing drugs because of his race. We will write a custom essay sample on Zeitoun Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Zeitoun, Dave Eggers portrays the view that America has towards Muslim people and how people are treated unjustly simply because of how they look. A few days after Katrina hit, the levees broke, leaving the trapped civilians in shock and poverty. People who remained in the city had little resources, causing many people to break into other homes and stores to find whatever they can to survive. Zeitoun sailed on his canoe around the city and helped people who were trapped in their homes, including two dogs that were left behind by their owners. He felt that he was unable to leave his business because he felt responsible for the damaged houses throughout the duration of the storm. Also, Zeitoun felt that his home was â€Å"worth fighting for† (70) Zeitoun believed that by staying in New Orleans, he felt as if this opportunity was given to him by God to help the people who were still trapped in the city. The National Guards showed up at Zeitoun’s house with guns, assuming that Zeitoun and his friends were part of the Al Qaeda. The guards forcefully tackled them to the ground and arrested them. The National Guards did not inform them why they were being arrested and taken into custody. Zeitoun was taken to an interrogation room where he was stripped naked and his rectum searched for imported goods. They were forced to sleep on the ground and could not touch the jail bars or there would be consequences. Zeitoun was accused of terrorist activity, thus he and his friends were treated inhumanly. During the brutal treatment in jail, Zeitoun had splinters on his foot and asked for medical attention, but his request was denied without consideration due to his status. Eventually, his splinter got worse and he had to perform a medical procedure by cutting the splinter out himself. The soldiers and police in charge of the city after the hurricane arrested anyone who looked remotely suspicious and even those who did not. Instead of serving the public by helping them in the days following the hurricane, they took the civilians to the Greyhound bus station where they dispensed people into cages. Zeitoun and his companions were denied their rights, including the right to make a phone call. Knowing his constitutional rights, Zeitoun makes desperate pleas to the guards to have the opportunity to call his wife, Kathy, in Arizona. However, Zeitoun is repeatedly met with answers such as, â€Å"Phone’s don’t work. You guys are terrorists. You’re Taliban. † (222) Based on how they looked, they were treated as terrorists and the law seemingly did not apply to them. When Zeitoun’s wife, Kathy, finds out that he was arrested, she did not give up fighting until he was out of jail. Kathy did everything she could to get her husband out of jail. Kathy found a lawyer and found out exactly where Zeitoun was. When Kathy came to see Zeitoun, Raleigh, Zeitoun’s lawyer told her that it would cost $75,000 to bail her husband out. The price would have been lower if Zeitoun was not charged of being a terrorist. Zeitoun was wrongly treated because he seemed to be different from everyone else, due to his ethnicity, heritage, and beliefs. The National Security were afraid that Zeitoun was a terrorists that would put the country into turmoil. The soldiers and police abused their powers and treated people that are different with brutality. Dave Eggers was trying to show the reader how people can be wrongly punished based on their background, race, culture, and religions even if they mean no harm. Dave Egger’s book illustrates how people tend to jump into conclusions and make fast assumptions of others without getting to know them. How to cite Zeitoun Essay, Essay examples

Representation of Aboriginality in Modern †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Representation of Aboriginality in Modern. Answer: Introduction: The two articles All the facts must be taught about Australias history by Nyunggai Warren Mundine and Get over it, its 200 years ago': Anger over uni's guidelines for teaching Australian history by Nicholas McCallum. Present different perspectives on how the Australian history should be taught and passed to the current and the future generation management. Mr. Nyunggai Warren Mundine in his article argues that Australian history should be taught in schools without the use of politically correct language (Nyunggai, 2016). A term such as "invasion" should be not be substituted for a word such as to settle. The conviction illumines such argument that Australia was invaded by the British colonizers, who assumed that native people did not have private ownership of land and were deprived of structured society or any recognizable legal or civic system. In addition, Warren view history as incontrovertible and as such it should not be edited to fit any agenda. Consequently, it should be inclu sive of both European and Indigenous perspectives assessing the contribution of each in the building of the modern Australia (Nyunggai, 2016). Conversely, Mr. Nicholas McCallum in his article approaches the concept of Australian history from the point of indifference. In the article, he does more of reporting others viewpoints about how the history should be viewed than giving his thought on how history should be taught. He quotes a radio personality who thinks that explaining the historical facts as they were would divide the society. He further includes the view of Alan Jones who believes that the use of politically incorrect language would result in conflict (McCallum, 2016). The two articles thus differ significantly in that, Mr. Nyunggais article presents a well-articulated position on how history should be taught while Mr. McCallum offers scanty quotes of others view regarding Australian history. In addition, Nyunggais article advocates scrutiny of both Indigenous and European historical perspectives while McCallum article lacks any significant contribution regarding how Australian history should be approached. Media as a powerful instrument through which information is disseminated effects how Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders families and communities perceive their experience (Bullimore, 1999). Stereotypical portrayal and representation of the indigenous people by the media inculcate the sense of low self-esteem in the children of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders communities. Similarly, such a portrayal make the community feel guilty of its experience thus evoking ravage sentiments. Furthermore, media affects how the families pass values to the next generations and the self-perception they form of themselves (Stoneham, Goodman, Daube, 2014). In conclusion, Mr. Warren Mundine approach in teaching Australian history should be adopted in the education system management. Adoption of such a system would allow the Australian natives develop an appreciation of their cultural identity as well as acknowledge the contributions of the European culture in the formation of the modern Australia. It will further lead to the creation of a cohesive society which is founded on mutual understanding and respect. Cultural identity is one of the ideal values any cultural tradition can pass to its generation. As a consequence, preservation of culture has been a critical part of humanity ever since the commencement of time. The passing of traditional and cultural ideas keeps the current generations connected to the spirits of their ancestors. Although different cultures utilize various customs to construct their identity, some believe that mother tongue is the most crucial in the formation of the cultural identity (Bodkin-Andrews, Carlson, 2016). In Australia cultural identity of the indigenous people has been interfered with since 1788 when the colonizers invaded Australia. As a result, of the invaders, the identities and cultures of the indigenous population have been eroded. Similarly, the attempt to construct the indigenous and non-indigenous cultural identities has faced numerous obstacles. The objective of the essay, therefore, is to analyze the elements which hinder the construction of t he indigenous and non-indigenous cultural identities in Australia. Media is a powerful tool for disseminating information to the society as well as forming a picture of the society in question. As such, media has the power to create a harmonious relationship between communities with varied cultural identities or antagonism. The core determinant is how it portrays the one society to the other. In Australia media has portrayed Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders as submissive, passive, primitive, devious, and violent people who have no culture; thus, inferior to the white invaders or non-indigenous people. Therefore, media forms the core element that hinders the reconstruction of the indigenous and non-indigenous cultural identities in Australia (Gray Beresford, 2008). It is indisputable that, dense history of offensive, racist, and distorted representation has marked the lives of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders in the Australia. However, the prevalent stereotypical portrayal and representation have minimized. It is thus prudent to argu e that media is responsible for promoting and perpetuation of harmful stereotypes which lead to conflicts, ignorance, and insensitivity between the indigenous and the non-indigenous people. In Australia media has adopted the use of politically correct language such as referring to the European invaders as settlers (Koerner, 2015). This is a clear indication that Australian media is dependent on the contributions of the white elite actors and organizations who wish to evaluate and interpret historical events within their ideologies. As a consequence, the voice of the indigenous people is portrayed as less credible. Media fails to describe the white invasion and forceful removal of the indigenous people from their native land as a gross violation of human rights. Such attack was intended to merge, absorb or assimilate the indigenous cultural identity of the natives, hence, make them cease as a distinct group of people. The white elites appear ethically neutral when giving their interpretation and evaluation of the historical events while the aim is to guard their interests. Furthermore, their voices are often defended by some politicians, academics, and lawyers who are sh areholders in their interests (Norquay Drozdzewski, 2017). The impact of the media representation and portrayal of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders in the media has a very grave impact on children, teachers, and the teaching profession. Psychology demonstrates that self-esteem, values, and attitudes are well assimilated during the teen years and at times earlier. Hence, what children pick from the media is integrated and aids them to form values, opinions, and attitudes toward others and of themselves within a society (Meadows, 2004). The portrayal and the representation of the Aboriginal and the Torres Strait Islanders as submissive, passive, primitive, devious, and violent people who have no culture and thus inferior to the white invaders or non-indigenous people make the non-indigenous children to form a negative picture of the indigenous people. Similarly, when young indigenous people see themselves portrayed and represented as submissive, passive, primitive, devious, and violent people who have no culture and thus inferior to the white invaders or to non-indigenous people they develop low self-esteem. Media thus must learn to affirm the value of the indigenous people management, because contrary affirms that the natives are unimportant. Such portrayal makes the children to be alienated and develop a sense of helplessness and lack of control (Holmes Julian, 2014). A teachers attitude towards a subject determines how he/she delivers the content of the subject to the student. Hence, a biased teacher is likely to deliver distorted and half-truths to his/her students. In Australia, a teacher is allowed to decide what teach him /her judge to be of interest and choose to what depth to teach (Sarra, 2011). Therefore, a teacher who is non-native or who has been influenced by the media lacks the authentic understanding of the Aboriginal and the Torres Strait Islanders. Similarly, the stereotypical media influences have penetrated into how teachers are trained. Few teachers are adequately trained on the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders culture. Consequently, only a handful portion of teachers who have the skills to challenge the colonial and the media stereotypes which have become engraved in Australians attitudes and values. Teachers who are competent in the indigenous cultures are thus a necessity in challenging student who has inculcated coloni al values to enable them to achieve a cultural identity of their own. In conclusion, it is unfortunate that many stereotypes about the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders had their origin in 1788 when Australia was invaded by the Europeans, who perceived the indigenous people as inferior. More disturbing is the fact that, 200 years after the invasion these stereotypical ideas exist and propagated by both Australian and foreign media. It is sad to note that, though schools are the best avenues to challenge these stereotypes they lack the necessary resources. Especially the human resource with required quality skills to inculcate Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders history, content, and culture to learners using the contemporary issues. Adequate preparation of teachers will see education become a crucial player in enhancing the balanced view of both indigenous and non-indigenous values thus promoting reconciliation. Creation of a civil society demands mutual respect from people of different cultural backgrounds. Such a mutual respect is thus vital in a multicultural country like Australia. Therefore, media and school system must be at the forefront in recognizing the importance of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders cultures. References Bodkin-Andrews, G., Carlson, B. (2016). The legacy of racism and Indigenous Australian Identity within education. Race Ethnicity and Education, 19(4), 784-807. Bullimore, K. (1999). Media dreaming: Representation of aboriginality in modern Australian media. Asia Pacific Media Educator, 1(6), 7. Gray, J., Beresford, Q. (2008). A formidable challenge: Australia's quest for equity in Indigenous education. Australian Journal of Education, 52(2), 197-223. Holmes, D., Hughes, K., Julian, R. (2014). Australian sociology. Pearson Australia. Jang, H. S. (2015). Social identities of young indigenous people in contemporary Australia: Neo-colonial north, Yarrabah. Springer. Koerner, C. (2015). White Australian identities and Indigenous land rights. Social Identities, 21(2), 87-101. McCallum N. (2016). Get over it; it's 200 years ago': Anger over uni's guidelines for teaching Australian history. The Yahoo Mail. Meadows, M. (2004). Media images of Indigenous affairs in Australia. Outer limits: A reader in communication across cultures, 273-289. Norquay, M., Drozdzewski, D. (2017). Stereotyping the Shire: Assigning White Privilege to Place and Identity. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 38(1), 88-107. Nyunggai, W. (2016). All the facts must be taught about Australias history. The Koor Mail. Sarra, G. (2011). Indigenous studies in all schools. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 15(6), 611-625. Stoneham, M., Goodman, J., Daube, M. (2014). The portrayal of Indigenous health in selected Australian media. The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 5(1), 1-13.